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Security Digest · Vulnerability record

CVE-2025-27407: graphql allows remote code execution when loading a crafted GraphQL schema

graphql-ruby is a Ruby implementation of GraphQL.

CVSS 9.1 Critical EPSS 3.1% · p88

Updated By erroneo.us Security Desk16 references Seen in the digest for Mar 12, 2025

Should you act?

Critical and remotely reachable

No known exploitation yet, but it is network-reachable without credentials. This signal is computed from CISA KEV, EPSS and CVSS data; it is not an editorial verdict.

  • No confirmed exploitation. It is not in CISA’s KEV catalog and CISA’s SSVC assessment records no known exploitation. That can change quickly after a public write-up; re-check if you are affected.
  • EPSS 3.1%, percentile 88: FIRST’s model estimates a 3.1% chance of exploitation activity in the next 30 days, higher than 88% of all scored CVEs (elevated). EPSS is a probability, not a verdict.
  • Remotely reachable with no login and no user interaction. If the vulnerable service is exposed to the internet, prioritize it.
  • Only applies if your dependency tree includes graphql (RubyGems) >= 2.4.0, < 2.4.13, fixed in 2.4.13; graphql (RubyGems) >= 2.3.0, < 2.3.21, fixed in 2.3.21; graphql (RubyGems) >= 2.0.0, < 2.0.32, fixed in 2.0.32; graphql (RubyGems) >= 1.13.0, < 1.13.24, fixed in 1.13.24. Check your lockfile, including transitive dependencies.

What it is

graphql-ruby is a Ruby implementation of GraphQL. Starting in version 1.11.5 and prior to versions 1.11.8, 1.12.25, 1.13.24, 2.0.32, 2.1.14, 2.2.17, and 2.3.21, loading a malicious schema definition in GraphQL::Schema.fromintrospection (or GraphQL::Schema::Loader.load) can result in remote code execution. Any system which loads a schema by JSON from an untrusted source is vulnerable, including those that use GraphQL::Client to load external schemas via GraphQL introspection. Versions 1.11.8, 1.12.25, 1.13.24, 2.0.32, 2.1.14, 2.2.17, and 2.3.21 contain a patch for the issue.

From the GitHub advisory

Summary

Loading a malicious schema definition in GraphQL::Schema.fromintrospection (or GraphQL::Schema::Loader.load) can result in remote code execution. Any system which loads a schema by JSON from an untrusted source is vulnerable, including those that use GraphQL::Client to load external schemas via GraphQL introspection.

Weakness type: CWE-94.

Product: graphql (RubyGems) · Assigned by: GitHub_M · Published: 2025-03-12

Affected and fixed versions

EcosystemPackageVulnerableFirst fixed
RubyGemsgraphql>= 2.4.0, < 2.4.132.4.13
RubyGemsgraphql>= 2.3.0, < 2.3.212.3.21
RubyGemsgraphql>= 2.0.0, < 2.0.322.0.32
RubyGemsgraphql>= 1.13.0, < 1.13.241.13.24
RubyGemsgraphql>= 1.12.0, < 1.12.251.12.25
RubyGemsgraphql>= 2.1.0, < 2.1.152.1.15
RubyGemsgraphql>= 1.11.5, < 1.11.111.11.11
RubyGemsgraphql>= 2.2.0, < 2.2.172.2.17
VendorProductAffected versions (per CVE record)
rmosolgographql-ruby>= 1.11.5, < 1.11.8, >= 1.12.0, < 1.12.25, >= 1.13.0, < 1.13.24, >= 2.0.0, < 2.0.32, >= 2.1.0, < 2.1.14, >= 2.2.0, < 2.2.17, >= 2.3.0, < 2.3.21

Severity scores

Scored byCVSSScoreVector
GitHub_M3.19.1 CriticalCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
GitHub3.19.0 CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H
  • Attack vector: network (remotely reachable)
  • Attack complexity: high (needs special conditions)
  • Privileges required: none (no login)
  • User interaction: none
  • Scope: changed (can affect other components)

CVSS measures how bad a flaw is if exploited, not how likely exploitation is. Read it next to the exploitation data below.

Exploitation and urgency

  • CISA KEV: not listed (no confirmed in-the-wild exploitation known to CISA).
  • CISA SSVC assessment: exploitation none, automatable no, technical impact total.
  • FIRST EPSS (model of 2026-10-21): 3.10% probability of exploitation activity in the next 30 days; percentile 88.

Timeline

  • — CVE record published by GitHub_M
  • — GitHub-reviewed advisory GHSA-q92j-grw3-h492 published (critical)
  • — CVE record last updated

Sources and references

Original sources first. Version and fix details should always be confirmed against the vendor or project advisory.

Vulnerability records

  1. GitHub Advisory GHSA-q92j-grw3-h492 github.com
  2. CVE.org record CVE-2025-27407 cve.org
  3. NVD entry CVE-2025-27407 nvd.nist.gov

Other references from the CVE record and advisory

  1. github.com github.com
  2. github.com github.com
  3. github.com github.com
  4. github.com github.com
  5. github.com github.com
  6. github.com github.com
  7. github.com github.com
  8. github.com github.com
  9. about.gitlab.com about.gitlab.com
  10. github.com github.com
  11. lists.debian.org lists.debian.org
  12. github.com github.com
  13. github.com github.com

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